Dynamic equilibrium separation, concentration, and mixing apparatus and methods

ABSTRACT

Particles are separated, concentrated, or mixed within a fluid by means of a fluid-containing cell having a longitudinal axis, a cross-sectional area generally perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, and at least one particle motivating force directionally interacting with at least one recurrent circulating fluid flow generally aligned with the longitudinal axis within the fluid containing cell.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) ofco-pending and commonly-assigned U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationSer. No. 60/737,989, entitled “DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM SEPARATION ANDCONCENTRATION APPARATUS AND METHOD” by Igor Mezic, which application isincorporated by reference herein.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

This invention was made with Government support under Grant No. 0086061awarded by NFS/ITR. The Government has certain rights in this invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention is related generally to combined fluid flow andparticle motivating force methods for particle manipulation, and isrelated specifically to dynamic equilibrium separation, concentration,dispersion and mixing apparatus and methods.

2. Description of the Related Art

(Note: This application references a number of different publications asindicated throughout the specification by one or more reference numberswithin brackets, e.g., [x]. A list of these different publicationsordered according to these reference numbers can be found below in thesection entitled “References.” Each of these publications isincorporated by reference herein.)

Dielectric particles suspended in a dielectric media are polarized underthe action of electric fields. If the field is spatially inhomogeneous,it exerts a net force on the polarized particle known as adielectrophoretic (DEP) force [1]. This force depends upon the temporalfrequency and spatial configuration of the field as well as on thedielectric properties of both the medium and the particles.

Dielectrophoresis is an increasingly popular method to separateparticles in microflows [2]. DEP forces can be switched on and off toselectively capture cells, bacteria, spores, DNA, proteins, and othermatter. The art has envisioned, for instance, an application using DEPto capture a suspected pathogen which then is shuttled to a selectedarea of the microfluidic device where its DNA is extracted and analyzed.

Since the dielectrophoretic mobility of a particle scales directly withits surface area the manipulation of smaller particles requires largergradients of the electric fields. Nevertheless, by using microfabricatedelectrodes to generate large electric field gradients, it is known inthe art to move submicron particles by means of DEP [3, 11].

However, large electric field gradients may strongly interact with thebackground media creating, by several electro-hydrodynamic effects,flows whose drag perturbs the particle trajectories. An understanding ofthis disturbance remains crucial to predict and control it in developingapplications of DEP to specific microfluidic devices. On the other hand,the combined dynamics induced by both advection and electric forcesremains a largely unexplored but interesting field of research.

It can be seen, then that there is a need in the art for improvedmethods of and apparatuses for efficiently and accurately detecting,separating, mixing, and harvesting of small amounts of particles (e.g.,atoms, molecules, cells in biological and chemical assays) usingcombined fluid flow and dielectrophoresis methods for particlemanipulation. The present invention satisfies this need and that of amore general case when the particle motivating force is notdielectrophoretic in nature.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention discloses methods of and apparatus for separating,concentrating, dispersing and mixing particles within a fluid.

The apparatus comprises a fluid-containing cell having a longitudinalaxis, a cross-sectional area generally perpendicular to the longitudinalaxis, and at least one particle motivating force directionallyinteracting with at least one recurrent circulating fluid flow, alsoreferred to as a “through flow” generally aligned with the longitudinalaxis within the fluid containing cell. The fluid containing cellcross-sectional area may be symmetrical or nonsymmetrical. Moreover, thefluid containing cell has at least one recurrent circulating fluid flow,preferably but not essentially, generally aligned with the longitudinalaxis within the fluid containing cell. In addition, the fluid may be aliquid or a gas, and the particles may be charged or neutral.

In a broad aspect, the method of the present invention comprises thesteps of forming at least one recurrent circulating fluid flow within aparticle containing fluid to function as a through flow force on theparticles, and directionally interacting at least one particlemotivating force with the recurrent circulating fluid flow or throughflow force on the particle. In this manner, utilizing modifications ofthe present inventions apparatus and methods discussed below, thepresent invention can be utilized to both separate and concentrateparticles as well as to mix particles. Additionally, the method of thepresent invention can include the subsequent steps of detecting theparticles, following application of the particle motivating force, andof collecting the particles, following their detection as well as thesteps of advancing or collecting the mixed particles from a particlemixer of the present invention.

In one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the particlemotivating force directionally interacts with the recurrent circulatingfluid flow in a tangential orientation relative to the recurrentcirculating fluid flow. In another exemplary embodiment, the particlemotivating force directionally interacts in a tangential orientationnear the periphery of the recurrent circulating fluid flow. In yetanother exemplary embodiment, the particle motivating forcedirectionally interacts in a tangential orientation within the recurrentcirculating fluid flow. In any of these exemplary embodiments, theparticle motivating force may be an electrochemical, electromechanicalor mechanical force with a single frequency or multiple frequencyoscillatory components.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Referring now to the drawings in which like reference numbers representcorresponding parts throughout:

FIG. 1( a) is a block diagram that illustrates the arrangement of aninterdigitated electrode array, FIG. 1( b) is a scanning electronmicroscope (SEM) image of a titanium dielectrophoretic (DEP) chip with24 parallel electrodes, and FIG. 1( c) is a graph that illustrates anelectric field strength, |E|², in a plane 10 μm above the electrodes.

FIG. 2( a) is a graph that plots the real part of the Clausius-Mossottifunction for ε_(m)=80 ε₀, σ_(m)=0.001 S·m⁻¹, ε_(p)=2.5 ε₀ andσ_(p)=0.009 S·m⁻¹, and FIG. 2( b) is a graph that illustratesstreamlines of the cellular flow used in the model.

FIG. 3( a) is a graph that illustrates particle trajectories with n-DEPfor point II in FIG. 4, corresponding to ω=5 MHz, ρ_(m)/ρ_(p)=0.95,β=0.15 d and a=1.5 μm, with a flow moving from the gap to theelectrodes, FIG. 3( b) is a graph that illustrates, for point I in FIG.4, a=0.75 μm, with the same flow as before. FIGS. 3( c) and 3(d) aregraphs similar to FIGS. 3( a) and 3(b) for the same parameters withp-DEP, respectively.

FIG. 4( a-e) comprise an image sequence showing theDEP-electro-thermal-convective trapping of 1 micron diameter latex beadsand the effect of a low frequency disturbance, wherein the potential is10 Vpk-pk, the main frequency is 10 KHz and perturbing frequency is 100Hz, and the focus is at 6 microns above the electrodes. Thetime-dependent disturbance is capable of dispersing particles and mixingthem.

FIG. 4( f) is a phase portrait of the model, in arbitrary scales,showing the stable (white circles) and unstable (black circles) fixedpoints.

FIG. 4( g) is a graph comprising a bifurcation diagram in the parameterspace (a, u₀, region I is where trapping occurs).

FIG. 4( h) is a graph of the ratio of dispersing particles initiallywithin the trapping zone, escaped after 10 cycles, as a function of thefrequency of perturbation, with ε=0.1.

FIG. 5 illustrates an apparatus for separating and concentratingparticles within a fluid, according to an exemplary embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 6 illustrates a method of dynamically separating and concentratingparticles within a fluid, according to an exemplary embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 7 (a, b) is a set of graphs that illustrate a concentration profileof particle density versus location along the channel length of anexemplary apparatus of the present invention as illustrated in FIG. 5.

FIG. 8 (a, b) is an image sequence that illustrates the ability of thepresent invention to manipulate particles suspended in a fluid to bothseparate and concentrate the particles. The top photo shows a mixture ofparticles having relative diameters of 1.9 and 0.71 microns andsuspended within a cell of the present invention and the bottom photoshows the effects of the application of an exemplary multi-frequencyparticle motivating electric field to separate the chemically similarparticles by size.

FIG. 9 (a-e) is an image sequence showing an exemplary embodiment of thepresent invention operating in time sequence and demonstrating theability of the present invention to both separate and concentrate 0.71micron particles as well as the subsequent mixing of the particles inthe same apparatus.

FIG. 10 is an image sequence showing the ability of the presentinvention to combine the dielectrophoretic force (F_(tw)) with anelectrokinetic flow to accelerate the process of particle manipulationand transport within the exemplary cell.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In the following description of the exemplary embodiments of the presentinvention, reference is made to the accompanying drawings that form apart hereof, and in which are shown by way of illustration theunderlying principles of the present invention as well as specificembodiments in which the invention may be practiced. It is to beunderstood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changesor modifications to the methods may be made without departing from thescope of the present invention.

Overview

In accordance with the teachings of the present invention, convectivefluid motion induced by one or more particle motivating forces and theresultant dielectrophoretic manipulation of particles is disclosedherein in the exemplary context of electrical fields. For purposes ofexplanation, a simplified exemplary model, specifically, a microfluidicseparation, concentration, or mixing apparatus comprises a channel. witha periodic array of microelectrodes is shown first to illustrate thefunctional and physical aspects of the invention and then to illustratethe invention itself. Utilizing the teachings of the present inventionthis apparatus illustrates how the exemplary electro-convective flows ofthe present invention induce the formation of traps for particles,providing a novel and dynamic mechanism to control microparticles insuch apparatus. An examplary use of the present invention is to separateand detect small populations of pre cancerous cells from body fluids(blood, sputum, urine) for high throughput screening during routinemedical check-ups. In contrast, prior art methods require extensivehuman interaction and generally lack the required sensitivity to meetreliability testing standards. Another exemplary use is to detect smallamounts of pathogens in water and air supplies. A further exemplary useof the present invention is the concentrating of DNA particles inside ofa Polymerase Chain Reaction apparatus for improved DNA detection.

Technical Description

A further understanding of the present invention is provided by the useof an apparatus where the DEP particle dynamics produced by amicrofluidic device, which in accordance with the teachings of thepresent invention, is formed to include a channel with a periodic arrayof microelectrodes arrays. Fluid flow in the channel is perturbed byadvection due to the corresponding electro-hydrodynamic convective flowsuch that an important dynamic consequence of the perturbing flowresults: namely, the appearance of zones within the fluid flow channelfrom where particles cannot escape. Those skilled in the art willappreciate that the trapping mechanism of the present invention can haveboth positive and negative consequences: while it spoils n-DEPtransport, it improves p-DEP behavior by capturing particles away fromthe electrodes.

An exemplary embodiment of such a periodic array of microelectrodes is asimple configuration of electrodes for which a closed-form solution ofthe electric field and the DEP force can be derived as in [4]. Thisexemplary array is useful for illustrating the teachings of the presentinvention and is comprised of a periodic array of long parallelmicroelectrodes, as illustrated in FIG. 1( a). The time-averaged DEPforce is:

$\begin{matrix}{{{\langle F_{DEP}\rangle} = {2\; \pi \; a^{3}ɛ_{m}{{Re}\left\lbrack {K(\omega)} \right\rbrack}{\nabla{E}^{2}}}}{{\nabla{E}^{2}} = {{\frac{\pi^{3}V_{0}^{2}}{{K^{2}\left( {\cos \left( {\pi/4} \right)} \right)}d^{3}}{{\bullet Re}\begin{bmatrix}{{{izk}\left( \overset{\_}{z} \right)}{k^{\prime}(z)}} \\{{- {{zk}\left( \overset{\_}{z} \right)}}{k^{\prime}(z)}}\end{bmatrix}}{k(z)}} = {{\left( \frac{z}{1 - {2\; z\mspace{14mu} {\cos \left( {\pi/2} \right)}} + z^{2}} \right)^{1/2}z} = {\exp \left( {{\pi \left( {{ix} - y} \right)}/d} \right)}}}}} & (1)\end{matrix}$

where E is the rms electric field, a is the particle radius, ω is theangular field frequency, and Re[z] indicates the real part of thecomplex number z. The factor K(ω) is a measure of the effectivepolarizability of the particle, known as the Clausius-Mossotti factor,given by

K(ω)=(ε*_(p)−ε*_(m))/(ε*_(p)+2ε*_(m))

where ε*_(p) and ε*_(m) are the complex permittivities of the particleand the medium, respectively. The complex permittivity is defined asε*=ε−i(σ/ω), where i=√{square root over (−1)}, ε is the permittivity,and σ is the conductivity of the dielectric.

The Clausius-Mossotti factor depends on the dielectric properties of theparticle and the medium, and on the frequency of the applied field.Variations in this factor give rise to a DEP force that is frequencydependent and unique to each particle type. For example, for a sphere,the real part of K(ω) is bounded by the limits −½<Re[K(ω)]<1. WhenRe[K(ω)]>0, the induced force points toward the high electric field atthe electrode surfaces and is known as positive-DEP (p-DEP). In thiscase, the particles are collected at the electrode edges. Conversely,when Re[K(ω)]<0 (a negative-DEP or n-DEP induced force), the forcepoints in the direction of decreasing field strength and the particlesare repelled from the electrodes edge as shown in FIG. 2( a).

In the exemplary configuration of the present invention describedherein, the electric field has local minima (negative DEP traps) abovethe center of the electrodes, whereas it reaches the strongest values atthe edges of the electrodes as shown in FIG. 1( c). In the absence offluid flow, the particles experiencing p-DEP collect at the strong fieldpoints across the electrode array. On the other hand, particles pushedaway from the electrodes by n-DEP reach an equilibrium position awayfrom the electrodes where the vertical component of the DEP force isbalanced by buoyancy. Since the horizontal component decays much fasterthan the vertical one, in dynamic terms these equilibrium positionsform, in practice, a continuous line of fixed points.

However, Those skilled in the art will appreciate that electric fieldsinduce fluid motions through several electro-hydrodynamic effects. Themost important of those that occur in the microelectrode devices of thepresent invention are electrothermal convection and AC-electroosmosis.The former appears due to a non-uniform Joule heating of the fluid whichleads to gradients of its permittivity and conductivity. The appliedelectric fields acting on the permittivity and conductivity gradientsgenerate electrical body forces that induce the flow [5]. The latter,instead, is caused by electrical stresses in the diffuse double layer ofcharges accumulated above the electrodes [10]. These stresses result ina rapidly varying fluid velocity profile in the diffuse double layer,changing from zero at the wall of the fluid flow channel to a finitevalue just outside the double layer. Whether electrothermal orAC-electroosmotic flows dominate the motion of fluid in the inventivedevice depends mainly on the frequency of the applied electric field,AC-electroosmosis being dominant at a frequency range several orders ofmagnitude below the charge relaxation frequency (ω_(c)=σ/ε).

In any of these situations, the electro-hydrodynamic forces dominate thebuoyancy forces at typical microfluidic system sizes (d<300 μm) [6]. Inaccordance with the teachings of the present invention, with a carefulchoice of the applied frequency, the induced fluid flows will have aminimal effect. However, in the DEP manipulation and/or separation ofsubmicron particles in the present invention one will usually usefrequencies for which the fluid flow generated electro-hydrodynamicallyis taken into account. Utilizing the teachings of the present inventionthis is not necessarily a problem or annoyance, because the induceddynamic properties are used as a mechanism to control microparticles toinduce separation, concentration, or mixing, as desired.

For example, experiments and numerical simulations of what the prior artconsiders to be coupled electro-thermo-hydrodynamic problems in priorart devices with interdigitated array of electrodes [8-12] have shownthat both electrothermal and AC-electroosmotic flows consist ofconvective rolls centered at the electrode edges. These provide goodestimates for their strength and frequency dependence. Near theelectrodes, the fluid velocity u₀ ranges from 1 to 100 μm·s⁻¹ decayingexponentially with the transversal distance to the electrodes.Additionally, the flow satisfies no-slip boundary condition at thebottom of the prior art device (u_(x)=u_(y)=0) and both the horizontalcomponent of the velocity and the normal derivative of the verticalcomponent vanish at the symmetry planes (u_(x)=∂u_(y)/∂n=0).

To further illustrate the positive results provided by the presentinvention and its unique ability to utilize what the prior art hasconsidered to be a limiting problem, the impact on the DEP dynamics ofobserved cellular flow, was mimicked with an embodiment incorporatingall of the above mentioned conditions. The resultant flow, depicted inFIG. 2( b), comes from the stream function:

φ_(steady) =u ₀ ·y ² e ^(−y/β)cos(πx)   (2)

which ensures its incompressibility, ∇·u=0. The parameter β controls thevertical position of the center of the rolls.

In an exemplary device having a characteristic longitudinal axis lengthd=20 μm, with flow velocities u₀=10 μm s⁻¹, fluid viscosity ν=10⁻⁶ m²s⁻¹ (η=ρν=10⁻³ Kgm⁻¹ s⁻¹), and micrometer particles a=1 μm, theparticles' Stokes number is of order St=(2a²u/9νd)=10⁻⁶, which impliesthat inertial effects can be neglected. For particles of a few hundredsof nm, Brownian motion can also be neglected when compared to DEP forces[5]. Therefore, the velocity of the particles is determined by only theDEP, buoyancy and drag forces:

$\begin{matrix}{\frac{r}{t} = {u + \frac{\langle F_{DEP}\rangle}{6\; \pi \; \eta \; \alpha} + {\left( {\rho_{p} - \rho_{m}} \right) \cdot \frac{2\; a^{2}}{9\; \eta} \cdot g}}} & (3)\end{matrix}$

In accordance with the teachings of the present invention, the relativeimportance of these three terms is controlled by three parameters: theapplied voltage V, the radius of the particle a, and the size of theelectrode d. As those skilled in the art will appreciate, the influenceof fluid flow gets progressively bigger as the size of the particlesgets progressively smaller, and the buoyancy term only becomes importantfar from the electrodes where both the flow and DEP forces arenegligible.

To further illustrate the present invention and its underlying featuresand abilities, the motion of the particles was analyzed further by usingdynamic systems methods on a simple flow model. Two different dynamicphenomena were thus revealed. First, far from the electrodes, the flowis only a small perturbation of the quiescent state. Thus, the invariantline of fixed points that in the absence of flow is located where then-DEP force balances the positive buoyancy, disintegrates into adiscrete chain of interconnected saddles and nodes. Due to normalhyperbolicity [13], the invariant manifold originally formed by acontinuum of fixed points is preserved with just a slight change ofshape at the saddle-node connecting manifold.

This, however, induces a dramatic change in the dynamics of theparticles because hyperbolic fixed points repel the particles which thenaccumulate in small regions near the nodes as illustrated in FIGS. 3( a,b). There the trajectories of several particles submitted to n-DEPforces are shown to convergence towards equilibrium points situatedabove the inter-electrode gaps. Analogously, FIGS. 3( c, d) show forp-DEP, that the particles, which in absence of flow should accumulate atthe edges of the electrodes, can be forced by the flow to concentrate inthe center of the electrodes instead.

Prior art experimental evidence confirming the accumulation of particlesin small regions above the electrodes has been reported for both n-DEP[3, 7] and p-DEP [5, 14], but without reference to the dynamic origin ofthe phenomenon as taught by the present invention.

Secondly, a stronger dynamic effect takes place closer to the electrodesurfaces: namely, the creation of a closed zone from which particlescannot escape. FIGS. 3( b, d) show two qualitatively differentbehaviors: some particles are trapped in closed areas above the gapbetween electrodes, whereas others escape from the flow influence andconverge to fixed points determined only by the DEP force. These sets oftrapped orbits resemble the Stommel retention zones [15, 16] studied inthe context of sediments, plankton and nutrients dynamics in the oceanin the presence of the Langmuir circulation [17].

However, in contrast with this case, since the DEP force induces anon-volume-preserving dynamics, the motion within the trapping zone is“dissipative” in the dynamic systems sense. As a consequence, theparticles here converge towards foci fixed points instead of circulatingaround centers as in the Stommel case. A phase portrait of Eq. (3)revealing this dynamic feature is shown FIG. 4( f).

It is noted that, while the DEP force scales with the volume of theparticles, the Stokes force scales with their radius a. Therefore, therelative importance of these forces as described in Equation. (3) isproportional to a². Fixing the flow parameter u₀ and studying thedynamics as radius a varies, it appears that a Stommel-like zone existsonly if a is smaller than a critical value a_(c). The dependence of thisvalue a_(c) on flow strength is shown in FIG. 4( g). At a_(c),bifurcations involving the collision and mutual annihilation of the twofoci and the two saddles occur leading to the disappearance of thetrapping zones. The right hand side panels in FIG. 3 show trapping zonesfor both n-DEP (top) and p-DEP (bottom) with a_(c)<a whereas the lefthand side panels show no signs of the former traps for a_(c)>a.

Thus, in accordance with the teachings of the present invention it isnow shown that these dynamics can be used to govern the behavior of thetrapping zones within the apparatus of the present invention utilizingthe methods of the present invention. In contrast to the prior artproblem of the break up of transport barriers in volume preservingsteady flows [19], with the present invention it now is possible toutilize these small time-dependent perturbations to break the trappingzones and mix or disperse particles.

To introduce a time-dependent perturbation of the flow generated in themicroelectrode apparatus of the present invention a small low frequencyelectric field is added to the field used for the DEP manipulation.Thus, the electro-hydrodynamic force, and therefore the resulting flow,is composed of a steady term plus an oscillatory one of twice thefrequency of the applied field. At sufficiently high frequencies, theoscillatory terms are comparatively small so that only the time-averagedflow need be considered. However, if a small low frequency component isadded to the applied field, it eventually will reflect as timedependence in the convective flow and the DEP force. By modeling suchperturbations with a time-dependent term to the stream function:

φ=φ_(steady) +ε·u ₀ ·y ² e ^(−y/β)sin(πx)·(2ωt)   (4)

the Stommel regions will eventually break up providing complete DEPcontrol.

In FIG. 4( h), the fraction of particles that escape from the trappingzone at a given time is plotted as a function of the frequency of theperturbation and illustrates, in accordance with the teachings of thepresent invention, that there is value of the frequency that optimizesthe spread of the particles. This frequency is on the order of thecharacteristic turnover frequency of the flow ω₀u/d=10-100 Hz. Thissuggests the existence of some sort of resonant driven speed-up of thespreading of particles outside the trapping zone.

In order to confirm these dynamicaspects of the present invention,further experiments were conducted on the titanium based DEP deviceshown in FIG. 1( b) and described in [23]. An array of 20 microntitanium electrodes with a pitch of 40 microns was patterned on atitanium substrate covered with an isolation layer. A 0.2×6 mm channelwas formed by through-etching a thin titanium foil 25 microns thick.Utilizing a syringe pump (Harvard Apparatus 2000), the channel wasfilled with a 7.2·10⁹ particles/mm³ solution of fluorescent polystyrenespheres (Duke Scientific, 1.05 g/cm³ density and 1 micron nominaldiameter) in dionized water (2 μS/cm) having a overall conductivity of13 μS/cm. Once the flow was stabilized, an AC electric field provided bya function generator (Wavetek 21, 11 MHz range) was applied to theelectrodes through a circuit to add the perturbation. The data wascollected with an epifluorescent microscope (Nikon Eclipse), a 20× waterimmersion lens and a CCD camera (Hamamatsu C7300-10-12NRP).

FIG. 4( a) shows the stabilized particle containing fluid flow withoutthe influence of an electrical field. The particles are uniformlysuspended in the fluid. When the AC electric field (10 KHz, 9 Vp-p) wasapplied (see FIG. 4( b)), the particles moved toward the electrodes,accumulating at the electrodes edges and above the electrode centers.Then, a 100 Hz, 9 Vp-p Ac signal was added and, in few milliseconds (seeFIG. 4( c-d)), the trapping zone became unstable and the particles weredispersed in the fluid. FIG. 4( e) illustrates the continuousdevelopment of the perturbation.

In summary, in accordance with the teachings of the present inventionthis model and experiment of DEP in the presence of electro-hydrodynamicconvection verified the presence of dynamic trapping regions. Thesedynamic trapping regions were analogous to the Stommel zones found insedimentation in convective flows, but showed a different structure dueto the non-Hamiltonian features of the DEP dynamics. Further, it wasshown that small time-periodic perturbations allowed the particles toescape the traps as in the Hamiltonian case, causing mixing anddispersion of particles. Thus, in accordance with the teachings of thepresent invention, superimposing a low frequency electric field providesa simple and effective control tool for DEP manipulation of particleswithin a fluid.

As those skilled in the art will appreciate, the p-DEP traps of thepresent invention provide an efficient particle control and manipulationmechanism comparable to other proposed mechanisms for manipulatingparticles such as optical tweezers [21] and thermophoresis [22].Further, the present invention opens the door to more sophisticatedcombinations of DEP and hydrodynamic forces for control of bioparticlesto provide effective separation, concentration, or mixing of particlesin a fluid.

EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

The following describes exemplary embodiments of the present invention,including both exemplary apparatus and associated methods. In theseembodiments, it should be understood that the fluid may be a liquid or agas, and the particles may be charged or neutral.

FIG. 5 illustrates an apparatus for separating, concentrating, or mixingparticles within a fluid, according to an exemplary embodiment of thepresent invention.

The apparatus comprises a fluid-containing cell 500 having alongitudinal axis 502, a cross-sectional area 504 generallyperpendicular to the longitudinal axis 502, and at least one electrode506 generating at least one particle motivating force 508 directionallyinteracting with at least one recurrent circulating fluid flow 510generally aligned with the longitudinal axis 502 within the fluidcontaining cell 500. The fluid containing cell 500 cross-sectional areamay be symmetrical or nonsymmetrical. Moreover, the fluid containingcell 500 has a plurality of recurrent circulating fluid flows 510generally aligned with the longitudinal axis 502 within the fluidcontaining cell 500.

In one embodiment, the particle motivating force 508 directionallyinteracts with the recurrent circulating fluid flow 510 in a tangentialorientation relative to the recurrent circulating fluid flow 510. Inanother embodiment, the particle motivating force 508 directionallyinteracts in a tangential orientation near the periphery of therecurrent circulating fluid flow 510. In yet another embodiment, theparticle motivating force 508 directionally interacts in a tangentialorientation within the recurrent circulating fluid flow 510. Theparticle motivating force 508 may be aligned in a wide variety oftangential orientations to modify or even to oppose the recurrentcirculating fluid flow. Further, the at least one particle motivatingforce 508 may be a time dependent, multiple frequency force. In any ofthese embodiments, the particle motivating force 508 may anelectrochemical, electromechanical or mechanical force.

Additionally, the particle motivating force 508 may be a plurality ofparticle motivating forces that may be aligned to complement or opposeeach other to varying degrees. These multiple particle motivating forcesmay be of multiple frequencies and the individual frequencies may bevariable in a time dependent manner.

FIG. 6 illustrates a method of dynamically separating and concentratingparticles within a fluid, according to an exemplary embodiment of thepresent invention.

Block 600 represents the step of forming at least one recurrentcirculating fluid flow within a particle containing fluid.

Block 602 represents the step of directionally interacting at least oneparticle motivating force with the recurrent circulating fluid flow. Inone embodiment, the particle motivating force directionally interacts ina tangential orientation near the periphery of the recurrent circulatingfluid flow. In another embodiment, the particle motivating forcedirectionally interacts in a tangential orientation within the recurrentcirculating fluid flow. In yet another embodiment, the particlemotivating force directionally interacts with the recurrent circulatingfluid flow in a tangential orientation relative to the recurrentcirculating fluid flow to oppose the fluid flow.

Block 604 represents the step of detecting the particles, followingapplication of the particle motivating force in Block 602.

Block 606 represents the step of collecting the particles, followingtheir detection in Block 604.

It should be emphasized to those skilled in the art that with minormodification of the particle motivating force as discussed above, it ispossible to use the apparatus and methods of the present invention tomix or disperse particles within the fluid. Once mixed, the particlecontaining fluid can be harvested or directed to further steps such asinto a reaction chamber (not shown) for further processing.

As noted above, the concentration efficiency of the apparatus andmethods of the present invention depends on the suspension conductivityand particle diameter. Utilizing the teachings of the present inventionthis efficiency has been confirmed with particles measuring from 10 nmto 690 nm in diameter. Further, the operability of the present inventionto separate, concentrate, or mix particles has been confirmed with bothcharged and non-charged particles such as DNA and with suspensionconductivity from 13 μS/cm to 10 mS/cm. In addition to concentrating andpurifying particles by attracting them to specific regions within theexemplary apparatus, the present invention also is able to separateparticles, including those with close physical properties. For example,particles having the same chemical properties but different diameterssuch as 1.9 and 0.71 micron can be separated, concentrated, or mixedwith the present invention. Following the conception and reduction topractice of the present invention these capabilities were verified bytheory.

For example, FIGS. 7 (a, b) illustrate an exemplary concentrationprofile of particle density versus location along the channel length ofan exemplary apparatus of the present invention as illustrated in FIG.5. FIG. 7 a illustrates the particle concentration profile for 10 nmparticles both before the method of the present invention is initiatedby applying the particle motivating force to the fluid in the channel ofthe apparatus and after the particle motivating force is applied. FIG. 7b illustrates.

In FIG. 7 a the relatively flat, bottom curve illustrates the initialhomogenous concentration of the exemplary 10 nm particles before theapparatus was turned on. The elevated, variable curve shows the particleconcentration profile after turning on the exemplary apparatus of thepresent invention. It took less then half a second to reach the maximumconcentration of this exemplary embodiment shown. The concentrationregion shown reaches 23%.

In FIG. 7 b, the particle density profile for 2686 bp DNA is shown afterthe apparatus has been turned on in accordance with the teachings of thepresent invention. There, two concentration regions are showndemonstrating about a 30% improvement in concentration over ahomogeneous solution.

FIG. 8 (a, b) illustrate the ability of the present invention tomanipulate particles suspended in a fluid to both separate andconcentrate the particles. In FIG. 8 a the top image shows a mixture ofparticles having relative diameters of 1.9 and 0.71 microns andsuspended within a cell of the present invention. Though differing indiameter by a factor of two or more, the particles have the samechemical properties. In FIG. 8 b the bottom image shows, after amulti-frequency particle motivating electric field was turned on inaccordance with the teachings of the present invention, that the smaller0.71 micron particles where attracted toward the bottom of the cell (thefocal plane) while the bigger 1.9 micron particles were pushed to thetop of the cell, effectively separating and concentrating the particlesaway from one another.

In FIG. 9 (a-e) an exemplary embodiment of the present invention isshown in a time sequence of images to demonstrate both particleseparation and concentration of 0.71 micron particles as well as thesubsequent mixing of the particles in the same apparatus. Thesedifferent functions are achieved in accordance with the teachings of thepresent invention by varying the particle motivating forces andillustrate the broad utility of the present invention.

It should also be appreciated by those skilled in the art that themethods and apparatus of the present invention are able to manipulateparticles to achieve many different kinds of particle movement includingthe simple transport of particulate materials in suspension. Forexample, using an array of four consecutive electrodes in the cell ofthe present invention it is possible to independently control theelectrodes to enable the use of traveling wave dielectrophoretic force(F_(tw)) to move particles from one position to another within the cell.

For example, the sequential images of FIG. 10 demonstrate that with theteachings of the present invention it is possible to combine the F_(tw)with an electrokinetic flow such as electroosmosis or an electrothermaleffect to accelerate the process of particle transport within the cell.The left hand photo of FIG. 10 demonstrates that the suspended particlesmove and concentrate from roll to roll due to the controlled interactionof F_(TW) and an electroosmotic flow. The propagation velocity of theparticles in this exemplary embodiment is 320 microns/s.

REFERENCES

The following references are incorporated by reference herein:

[1] H. A. Pohl, Dielectrophoresis (Cambridge University Press, 1978).

[2] M. P. Hughes, Nanotechnology 11, 124 (2000).

[3] T. Muller, A. Gerardino, T. Schnelle, S. G. Shirley, F. Bordoni, G.De Gasperis, R. Leoni, G. Fuhr, J. Phys. D 29, 340 (1996).

[4] D. E. Chang, S. Loire, I. Mezi'c, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 36, 3073(2003).

[5] A. Ramos, H. Morgan, N. G. Green, A. Castellanos, J. Phys. D: Appl.Phys. 31, 2338 (1998).

[6] A. Castellanos, A. Ramos, A. Gonzalez, N. G. Green, H. Morgan, J.Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 36, 2584 (2003).

[7] N. G. Green, A. Ramos, H. Morgan, J. Phys. D 33, 632 (2000).

[8] N. G. Green, A. Ramos, A. Gonzalez, A. Castellanos, H. Morgan, J.Electrostatics 53, 71 (2001).

[9] N. G. Green, H. Morgan, J. Phys. D 31, L25 (1998).

[10] N. G. Green, A. Ramos, A. Gonzalez, H. Morgan, A. Castellanos,Phys. Rev. E 61, 4011 (2000).

[11] N. G. Green, A. Ramos, A. Gonzalez, H. Morgan, A. Castellanos,Phys. Rev. E 66, 026305 (2002).

[12] A. Ramos, A. Gonzalez, A. Castellanos, N. G. Green, H. Morgan,Phys. Rev. E 67, 056302 (2003).

[13] S. Wiggins, Normally hyperbolic invariant manifolds in dynamicalsystems (Springer-Verlag, 1994).

[14] R. Pethig, Y. Huang, X. B. Wang, J. P. H Burt, J. Phys. D 24, 881(1992).

[15] H. Stommel, J. of Marine Research 8, 24-29 (1949).

[16] H. Stommel, Weather, 72-74 (1951).

[17] M. A. Bees, I. Mezi'c and J. McGlade, Mathematics and Computer inSimulation 44, 527-544 (1998).

[18] L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz, Fluid Mechanics (Pergamon, Oxford,1959).

[19] J. M. Ottino, The Kinematics of Mixing: Stretching, Chaos, andTransport (Cambridge University Press, 1989).

[20] R. Camassa and S. Wiggins, Physical Review A 43, 774-797 (1991).

[21] S. Katsura, K. Hirano, Y. Matsuzawa, K. Yoshikawa and A. Mizuno,Nucleic Acids Res. 26, 4943 (1998).

[22] D. Braun and A. Libchaber, Phys. Rev. Let. 89, 188103 (2002).

[23] Y. T. Zhang, E. R. Parker, M. F. Aimi, I. Mezic, and N. C.MacDonald, Proceedings of the 2004 ASME Congress.

CONCLUSION

This concludes the description of the preferred embodiment of thepresent invention. The foregoing description of one or more embodimentsof the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration anddescription. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit theinvention to the precise form disclosed. Many modifications andvariations are possible in light of the above teaching. It is intendedthat the scope of the invention be limited not by this detaileddescription, but rather by the claims appended hereto.

1. An apparatus for separating and concentrating particles within a fluid, comprising: a cell designed to contain fluids, the cell having a longitudinal axis and a cross-sectional area generally perpendicular to said longitudinal axis, wherein the cell is exposed to at least one particle motivating force directionally interacting with the cell such that the at least one particle motivating force affects at least one recurrent circulating fluid flow generally aligned with said longitudinal axis within said fluid containing cell.
 2. The particle separating and concentrating apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one particle motivating force directionally interacts with the at least one recurrent circulating fluid flow in a tangential orientation relative to the recurrent circulating fluid flow.
 3. The particle separating and concentrating apparatus of claim 2, wherein the at least one particle motivating force directionally interacts in a tangential orientation near a periphery of the at least one recurrent circulating fluid flow.
 4. The particle separating and concentrating apparatus of claim 2, wherein the at least one particle motivating force directionally interacts in a tangential orientation within the at least one recurrent circulating fluid flow.
 5. The particle separating and concentrating apparatus of claim 1, wherein the fluid is a gas.
 6. The particle separating and concentrating apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one particle motivating force is electrochemical.
 7. The particle separating and concentrating apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one particle motivating force is electromechanical.
 8. The particle separating and concentrating apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one particle motivating force is mechanical.
 9. The particle separating and concentrating apparatus of claim 1, wherein the cross-sectional area is symmetrical.
 10. The particle separating and concentrating apparatus of claim 1, wherein the cell has a plurality of the recurrent circulating fluid flows generally aligned with the longitudinal axis of the cell.
 11. The particle separating and concentrating apparatus of claim 1, wherein the particles are charged.
 12. The particle separating and concentrating apparatus of claim 1, wherein the particles are neutral. 13-19. (canceled)
 20. An apparatus for manipulating particles within a fluid, comprising: a cell having a longitudinal axis and a cross-sectional area generally perpendicular to said longitudinal axis, at least one particle motivating force directionally interacting with the cell, wherein the cell has at least one recurrent circulating fluid flow generally aligned with the longitudinal axis of the cell.
 21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the particles are mixed.
 22. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the particles are separated.
 23. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the particles are concentrated.
 24. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein a plurality of time dependent particle motivating forces directionally interact with the cell.
 25. An apparatus for mixing particles within a fluid, comprising: a cell designed to contain fluids, the cell having a longitudinal axis and a cross-sectional area generally perpendicular to said longitudinal axis, wherein the cell is exposed to at least one particle motivating force directionally interacting with the cell such that the at least one particle motivating force affects at least one recurrent circulating fluid flow generally aligned with said longitudinal axis within said fluid containing cell.
 26. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein a plurality of time dependent particle motivating forces directionally interact with the cell.
 27. The particle separating and concentrating apparatus of claim 1, wherein a plurality of time dependent particle motivating forces directionally interact with the cell. 28-29. (canceled) 